#: locale=en ## Action ### PDF PopupPDFBehaviour_5E0985E2_741D_93FF_41D2_09ECA0D03CEB.url = files/Satellite%20101%20-%20Earth%20Observation_en.pdf PopupPDFBehaviour_5E11AB16_740D_9044_41D0_8D50C5838C7E.url = files/Satellite%20101%20-%20In%20Orbit%20Servicing%20and%20Manufacturing_en.pdf PopupPDFBehaviour_5E12FC7C_740F_70CB_41C4_CEC8DACEF822.url = files/Satellite%20101%20-%20Launch%20and%20Propulsion_en.pdf PopupPDFBehaviour_5E0EB91E_7417_F047_41CD_DB1475DA9F82.url = files/Satellite%20101%20-%20PNT_en.pdf PopupPDFBehaviour_5E0FE991_7415_905C_41C7_F6012B48223B.url = files/Satellite%20101%20-%20Satellite%20Communications_en.pdf ### URL LinkBehaviour_A0A64226_0A00_8AD3_417C_7EF773448BC4.source = https://sa.catapult.org.uk/contact-us/ LinkBehaviour_9A11ECCD_FC0D_C5BE_41A8_773340E0765D.source = https://sa.catapult.org.uk/space-ecosystem/ LinkBehaviour_4D6A6CFA_0A07_BF30_418E_762E16FEB3F2.source = https://sa.catapult.org.uk/space-ecosystem/ 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The Satellite Applications Catapult is at the heart of the satellite services revolution, driving take-up of space technology and applications to shape, and sustain, the world of tomorrow. We’re driven by how our actions help the organisations we work with, both large and small, bring new services to market. By connecting industry and academia we get new research off the ground and into the market more quickly. Our mission is to innovate for a better world empowered by space.
If you want to find more about the Satellite Applications Catapult or contact us, please visit https://sa.catapult.org.uk/
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A satellite is any object that orbits a larger body, but the term usually refers to human-made satellites designed for specific functions in space. These satellites are launched into different orbits around Earth or other celestial bodies to perform tasks such as communication, navigation, Earth observation, and scientific research.
Satellites come in many shapes and sizes, from small CubeSats to massive geostationary communication satellites. They are typically equipped with solar panels for power, antennas for communication, and specialised instruments or sensors depending on their mission.
By enabling global connectivity, accurate positioning, and real-time data collection, satellites play a crucial role in everyday life—supporting everything from GPS navigation and weather forecasting to internet access and space exploration.
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A satellite must be in the right position and orientation to function correctly, ensuring it stays on course and aligns its instruments properly. This involves two key aspects: orbital control, which maintains the satellite’s altitude and trajectory, and attitude control, which adjusts its orientation to keep antennas, cameras, or sensors pointing in the right direction.
To stay on track, satellites use several manoeuvring techniques. Propulsion thrusters—small rocket engines—adjust a satellite’s orbit by expelling gas or ionised particles. These are essential for station-keeping in geostationary orbit or making significant trajectory corrections.
For small adjustments, reaction wheels help satellites change direction by spinning inside the satellite, using motion to shift its position without using fuel. Magnetorquers use Earth's magnetic field to gently adjust a satellite’s orientation, especially in smaller satellites.
Some satellites also use gravity assists, where they pass close to planets or moons to change their path using the natural pull of gravity, saving fuel. By combining these methods, satellites can maintain their position, adjust to new tasks, and stay operational for years in space.
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Earth Observation satellites play a vital role in monitoring our planet by capturing detailed data from space. They use different wavelengths of light, including visible, infrared, and microwave, to detect changes that would be impossible to see with the naked eye. This allows them to track weather patterns, climate change, deforestation, urban growth, and natural disasters in real time.
These satellites support a wide range of industries, from agriculture and environmental conservation to disaster response and infrastructure planning. Farmers use satellite data to monitor crop health, while emergency teams rely on it to assess floods, wildfires, and storms.
Click the hotspots to discover how different types of satellite data help solve real-world challenges across various sectors
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Earth Observation satellites play a vital role in monitoring our planet by capturing detailed data from space. They use different wavelengths of light, including visible, infrared, and microwave, to detect changes that would be impossible to see with the naked eye. This allows them to track weather patterns, climate change, deforestation, urban growth, and natural disasters in real time.
These satellites support a wide range of industries, from agriculture and environmental conservation to disaster response and infrastructure planning. Farmers use satellite data to monitor crop health, while emergency teams rely on it to assess floods, wildfires, and storms.
Click the hotspots to discover how different types of satellite data help solve real-world challenges across various sectors.
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Satellites in Geostationary Orbit (GEO) operate at an altitude of 35,786 km, moving at the same rotational speed as Earth. This means they appear stationary from the ground, allowing for continuous coverage of a fixed region. Because of this, they are essential for applications that require uninterrupted service, such as telecommunications, weather forecasting, and broadcasting.
GEO satellites, like Eurostar Neo, play a crucial role in TV broadcasting, satellite internet, and emergency communications. Their stationary position means that satellite dishes on the ground can remain fixed in one direction, ensuring a stable and reliable connection. However, their high altitude introduces a slight signal delay, making them less suitable for low-latency applications like real-time gaming or two-way video conferencing.
Despite this, GEO remains the backbone of global telecommunications, providing long-range connectivity and critical data services.
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Satellites operate in different orbits depending on their mission, with three primary levels: Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and Geostationary Orbit (GEO). Each orbit has unique characteristics that determine how satellites function and communicate with Earth.
The Arrow satellite we are exploring operates in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), a region extending from approximately 180 km to 2,000 km above Earth. LEO satellites travel at high speeds—completing an orbit in as little as 90 minutes—which allows them to capture high-resolution imagery and provide rapid, low-latency communications. This communication satellite belongs to the Eutelsat-OneWeb constellation—one of many that will form a network around the Earth, enabling fast and affortdable internet connectivity, no matter where you are.
This orbit is home to Earth observation satellites, the International Space Station (ISS), and large satellite constellations such as Starlink and OneWeb. Because of their proximity to Earth, LEO satellites are ideal for real-time applications like broadband internet, disaster monitoring, and global navigation. However, their rapid movement means they must work in large networks or constellations to maintain continuous coverage.
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Satellites operate in different orbits depending on their mission, with three primary levels: Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and Geostationary Orbit (GEO). Each orbit has unique characteristics that determine how satellites function and communicate with Earth.
The Astrobus EO satellite we are exploring operates in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), which extends from 2,000 km to 35,000 km above Earth. MEO satellites travel more slowly than those in LEO, completing an orbit in several hours, making them ideal for applications that require global coverage with fewer satellites.
MEO is best known for hosting global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as GPS, Galileo, and GLONASS, which provide precise positioning, navigation, and timing services used in smartphones, transportation, and critical infrastructure worldwide. Some Earth observation satellites also operate in this orbit, capturing high-resolution images of the planet multiple times per day and transmitting them to ground stations for analysis.
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Satellites rely on radio waves to send and receive data, enabling them to communicate with Earth, other satellites, and ground stations. These signals are transmitted using onboard antennas and are picked up by satellite dishes and receivers on the ground.
Communication satellites act as relay stations, bouncing signals between locations on Earth to enable TV broadcasts, internet connectivity, and global communications. Some satellites also use laser-based optical communication, which offers higher data speeds than traditional radio waves, reducing latency for real-time applications.
For satellites in constellations, like Starlink or OneWeb, they also communicate with each other using inter-satellite links, ensuring continuous coverage even when one satellite moves out of range of a ground station.
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Satellites rely on solar panels as their primary power source, harnessing the abundant sunlight available in space. The larger the solar array, the more power a satellite can generate to operate its instruments, communication systems, and onboard computers.
However, launching large solar panels is costly and inefficient due to size and weight constraints. To overcome this, satellites are designed to fold into compact structures during launch and unfold once in orbit. Many satellites use deployable solar arrays that extend like wings, while some cutting-edge designs incorporate origami-inspired folding techniques to maximise power generation while minimising space requirements.
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The Kármán Line is the point where Earth's atmosphere ends and space begins, sitting 100 kilometres (62 miles) above sea level. At this height, the air is too thin for normal aeroplanes to fly, so spacecraft need rockets to travel beyond it.
Once a satellite or spacecraft crosses this boundary, it is officially in space! From there, it continues to its intended orbit for missions like communication, Earth monitoring, or scientific research.
If you could drive a car straight up at motorway speed, you’d reach the Kármán Line in just one hour!
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We are in a space technology revolution and are putting the UK at the forefront.
If you have an idea of how space technology and data could solve real world challenges, or would like to find out more about how it might support your existing service, talk to us and find out how we can help. Our mission is to innovate for a better world empowered by satellites, and our team is here to support you, and drive UK growth in space.
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Welcome to SaxaVord Spaceport. Facilities like this are used to launch satellites into space.
The UK is the most attractive destination in Europe to host commercial small satellite launch – offering the right geography, the right business and regulatory environment and the right industrial capability to support a range of spaceflight activities.
There are two vertical orbital spaceports in the UK – SaxaVord, where you stand right now, and Sutherland, which is being built in the North coast of Scotland. Spaceport 1, in the Outer Hebrides, is set to be a vertical sub-orbital spaceport. Spaceport Cornwall features a horizontal launch facility, where Virgin Orbit's Cosmic Girl took off in 2023. These are complemented by spaceflight research centres in Snowdonia and Machrihanish.
Fifteen years ago, around 100 satellites were launched each year. In 2024, the number of satellites in orbit surpassed 10,000. Working with pioneering launch systems and space services, UK spaceports will provide access to a range of valuable polar and sun-synchronous orbits.
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